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SEEKING A HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM WORTHY OF A GREAT NATION
H
UMAN
S
PACEFLIGHT
Plans Committee
Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee
1
Review of U.S.
SEEKING A HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM WORTHY OF A GREAT NATION
2
Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee
SEEKING A HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM WORTHY OF A GREAT NATION
“We choose...to do [these] things,
not because they are easy, but because they are hard...”
John F. Kennedy
September 12, 1962
Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee
3
SEEKING A HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM WORTHY OF A GREAT NATION
Table of Contents
Preface
..........................
...................................................................................................................................... 7
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 9
.....
Chapter 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 2.0 U.S. Human Spacelight: Historical Review ............................................................................ 27
Chapter 3.0 Goals and Future Destinations for Exploration ........................................................................ 33
3.1 Goals for Exploration ............................................................................................................... 33
3.2 Overview of Destinations and Approach .................................................................................. 33
3.3 Mars First.................................................................................................................................. 35
3.4 Moon First ................................................................................................................................ 37
3.5 The Flexible Path to Mars......................................................................................................... 40
3.6 Summary of Strategies for Exploration Beyond Low-Earth Orbit ........................................... 43
Chapter 4.0 Current Human Spacelight Programs ...................................................................................... 47
4.1 The Space Shuttle .................................................................................................................... 47
4.2 The International Space Station ............................................................................................... 51
4.3 The Constellation Program ....................................................................................................... 57
Chapter 5.0 Launch to Low-Earth Orbit and Beyond .................................................................................. 63
5.1 Evaluation Methodology for Launch Vehicles ......................................................................... 63
5.2 Heavy Lift to Low-Earth Orbit and Beyond............................................................................. 64
5.3 Crew Launch to Low-Earth Orbit ............................................................................................ 68
5.4 Additional Issues in Launcher Selection .................................................................................. 72
Chapter 6.0 Program Options and Evaluation.............................................................................................. 77
6.1 Evaluation Criteria.................................................................................................................... 77
6.2 Key Decisions and Integrated Options ..................................................................................... 79
6.3 Integrated Options Constrained to the FY 2010 Budget........................................................... 84
6.4 Moon First Integrated Options Fit to the Less-Constrained Budget......................................... 85
6.5 Flexible Path Integrated Options Fit to the Less-Constrained Budget ..................................... 91
6.6 Comparisons Across Integrated Options .................................................................................. 94
Chapter 7.0 Critical Technologies for Sustainable Exploration ................................................................... 99
7.1 Fundamental Unknowns ........................................................................................................... 99
7.2 Propellant Storage and Transfer in Space ................................................................................. 100
7.3
In Situ
Propellant Production and Transport............................................................................. 101
7.4 Mars Orbit to Surface Transportation ....................................................................................... 102
7.5 Advanced Space Propulsion ..................................................................................................... 102
7.6 Technology Summary ............................................................................................................... 103
Chapter 8.0 Partnerships............................................................................................................................... 105
8.1 International Partnerships ......................................................................................................... 105
8.2 U.S. Intra-Government Partnerships......................................................................................... 107
Chapter 9.0 Concluding Observations.......................................................................................................... 111
9.1 Establishing Goals .................................................................................................................... 111
9.2 Matching Resources and Goals ................................................................................................ 111
9.3 NASA Management Challenges ............................................................................................... 112
9.4 Systems Engineering ................................................................................................................ 113
9.5 Procuring Systems .................................................................................................................... 113
9.6 Managing the Balance of Human and Robotic Spacelight...................................................... 114
9.7 Concluding Summary ............................................................................................................... 115
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Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee
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